How is HIV diagnosed?

HIV diagnosis is primarily made through serologic testing for antibodies or antigens. This method is highly effective because the immune response to the virus produces specific antibodies as well as antigens that can be detected in blood samples.

The most common tests include enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs) and rapid tests that look for antibodies against HIV or its components, providing diagnostic accuracy. The presence of these antibodies generally appears within weeks to months after infection, which allows for timely identification and subsequent treatment of the virus, making this method central to HIV testing protocols.

Other methods, like physical examinations, may offer clues about a person's health status but are not definitive for diagnosing HIV. Similarly, while urine tests can be useful for detecting other infections or conditions, they are not validated for HIV diagnosis. Chest X-rays are typically used to assess lung infections or conditions but do not provide any information regarding the presence of HIV itself. The serologic testing stands out as the established and recommended approach for confirming an HIV diagnosis.